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Happy Thanksgiving |
FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 170Wine and Beer in Western CultureLecture Outline
Right-click to download MS Word File Lecture 2 - Wine and Beer History
Definitions Amphorae- clay jars used to store wine and beer Ninkasi- Sumerian goddess of brewing Dionysus- Geek god of wine Bacchus- Roman god of wineOrigins of beer and wine making Both began before recorded history Evidence is based on: Burial goods, Archeological findings, Linguistic patterns, Oral traditions, Written records Wine making is simple; Beer making is multi-step process Wine making started before beer making Began at least 8000 years ago in Middle East (Southern Soviet Georgia/Iraq area) Beer making began at multiple sites, likely in the Middle East Wine valuable as a trade good; Beer used only locally
Inception of wine making Creation stories from multiple religious traditions Oldest written is Persian tale of Jamsheed 9th chapter of Genesis in the Bible about Noah Greek tradition says Zeus flooded the earth and one couple survived
Dissemination of wine making Extensive world trade in wine by 2000 BC for silk, gems, metals and slaves From Middle East, wine making went to Greece & Crete, then Egypt, then Italy Romans planted vines during the Pax Romana taking vines to France, Germany, Spain and Portugal Wine in the new world didnt exist until European colonization in the 1500s
Role of civilizations in wine making Georgians gave us root for word wine and concept of toastmaster Egyptians gave us the word vineyard, trellising, irrigation and hybridization records Greeks gave us enology, established trade routes, religious significance to wine drinking, pine resin to seal clay jars
Early Wine Containers - Wine Skins Made from the whole skin of a goat or another animal Jesus used analogy of wineskins: "No one puts new wine into old wineskins; or else the new wine bursts the wine skins, the wine is spilled, and the old skins are ruined"Early Wine Containers - Amphoraes Why do amphoraes have a pointed tip? Collects sediment (dead yeast, tannins, etc) and easy to plant in Sand/dirt floors Problems with amphoraes: Did not prevent oxidation of wines turned into vinegar, Float animal fat on top, but fat was valuable and changed flavor, Molded stoppers from clay and straw & dung, Greeks began sealing with pine resin RetsinaRole of civilizations in wine making§ Gaels invented wooden barrels for wine storage § Romans used grape growing and wine making to subjugate conquered peoples § Romans also brought vineyard design and examination of the qualities cultivars and regions Wine making in the dark and middle ages Catholic Church kept wine making technology from disappearing Kept extensive records & improved quality Monk, Dom Perignon, developed blending that was basis of champagne Wars fought to protect wine trade routes
Spread of wine making to the new world Britain took vines to Australia to occupy the convicts and provide daily wine Brought British & German wine preferences to US east coast Spanish took wine to Chile and Argentina and west coast of US German colonist brought wine making practices to PA, OH and NY in 1800s
Changes in the Old World Revolution caused many to lose their heads and their properties and wineries In Burgundy, estates were broken into very small plots of land (4-5 acres) for peasants with no wine making skill and no contacts to market product French wine suffered bacterial contamination leading Louis Pasteur to develop the germ theory of disease Phylloxera destroyed European vines - Needed US rootstock to replant vineyardsBeer History 1st detailed records on Sumerian clay tablets "Hymn to Ninkasi" (1800 B.C.) - Ancient recipe for beer (describes steps) Ordinary & ceremonial beer Sikaru Drunk communally from a clay pot using long reed straws Beer parlors receive mention in laws codified by Hammurabi (1700 B.C.) Owners who overcharged were sentenced to death by drowning Egyptians were brewing at same time period Osiris taught man brewing and protected brewers Beer used for masses and was taxed "Bread and beer" was used as a greeting Queen Nefertitis Sun Temple hid a brewery beneath Ebers papyrus relied on beer & wine for health/medicineContributions of civilizations to beer (ale) making Some believe need for beer led nomads to become agrarian Egyptians invented the malting process collected taxes on alcoholic beverages (could pay with beer) Babylonians - law against making unfit beer Monasteries in Germany started adding hops ~ 750AD- So hops are a relatively late addition to beer Pure beer law in 1516 by Duke Wilhelm IV 1st food lawBeer in US history Mayflower landing site changed to Plymouth instead because low on beer Mayflower manifest had more beer and wine than water Harvard University couldnt open until the brewery for undergrads was finished Colonists called alehouse cradles of libertyAlcohol in US history Puritans opposed drunkenness (not beer or wine) 1st test of new republic was over taxing distilled spirits-Whiskey rebellion By 1800 alcoholic beverages were a significant part of the economy
Prohibition Prohibitionist sentiment began in England in the 1600s Water was safer, non-alcoholic beverages available, Increase in poor quality distilled spirit consumption British Association for the Promotion of Temperance - Promised not to drink spirits In US, prohibition talk came as early as John Adams presidency (1796) Women's Christian Temperance Union founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1874
Prohibition WWI - reaction against Germans and beer Drinking alcohol was promoted as unpatriotic and bad for children/families Volstead Act passed in 1919 leading to the 18th Amendment - prohibition limiting manufacture, sale or distribution, but not drinking Prohibitionists believed eliminating alcohol would solve all social ills Once people realized lost tax revenue meant they paid more, prohibition lost support
Effects of Prohibition Alcohol consumption declining before Prohibition, did not decline much further during Shift in drinking patterns from beer & wine to distilled spirits Criminal activity increased dramatically along with federal prison costs Tax revenues declined & depression reduced revenues further. Tax burdens fell increasingly on the wealthy 21st Amendment repealed Prohibition in stages First allowed 3.2% beer Then regular beer, wine and distilled spirits Home wine making allowed Home brewing not allowed until 1978 (signed by Carter) |